Some important terms of Topographic Map

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Minerals : Classification and Physical properties

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Mineral is a naturally occurring, homogeneous inorganic compound having fixed chemical composition and atomic structure formed due to inorganic processes of the Earth. Classification of Rock forming Minerals These are mainly of two types I Silicates Silicates again subdivided into 1. Ferromagnesian minerals i)  Olivine group of minerals ii) Pyroxene group of minerals iii) Amphibole group of minerals iv) Biotite 2. Non Ferromagnesian minerals i)  Feldspar group of minerals ii) Quartz group of minerals iii) Muscovite II Non Silicates Oxides Sulphides Sulphates Carbonates Physical Properties of Minerals Minerals are identified on the basis of following physical properties 1. Colour 2. Streak 3. Lustre 4. Fracture 5. Cleavage 6. Hardness 7. Specific Gravity 8. Form and structure  1. Colour The colour of a mineral depends on the absorption of some and reflectance of other of the coloured rays which constitute the white light. 2. Streak Streak of a miner...
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Dam and its distribution

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What is a Dam? A dam is a barrier constructed across a river or stream to regulate, manage, or block the flow of water. It creates a reservoir, lake, or impoundment behind it, which can be used for various purposes. Dams are critical components of water resource management systems and contribute significantly to agriculture, industry, and urban development. --- Types of Dams 1. Gravity Dams: Built with concrete or stone, relying on their weight to hold back water (e.g., Bhakra Nangal Dam). 2. Embankment Dams: Made with earth or rockfill; these are cheaper and suitable for wide river valleys (e.g., Hirakud Dam). 3. Arch Dams: Curved dams designed to distribute water pressure (e.g., Idukki Dam). 4. Buttress Dams: Use supports or buttresses to hold back water. 5. Detention Dams: Designed to store water temporarily to control floods. --- Purposes of a Dam Dams serve various purposes that directly benefit humans and the environment. Below are detailed explanations of these purposes: 1. Irri...
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Seismic Zones of India

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India lies at the convergence of the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, which makes it geologically active. This tectonic movement is the primary reason for earthquakes. To minimize the impact of earthquakes, the country is divided into seismic zones based on the following factors: 1. Plate Tectonics: The collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate forms the Himalayan range, leading to intense seismic activity in northern and northeastern regions. The peninsular region, though relatively stable, has faults that occasionally lead to earthquakes. 2. Historical Earthquake Data: Zones are identified based on past earthquakes, their magnitudes, and the areas affected. 3. Risk Management: Zoning helps in designing earthquake-resistant infrastructure to mitigate damage and loss of life in high-risk areas. India is divided into four seismic zones based on the likelihood and intensity of earthquakes, ranging from Zone II (low risk) to Zone V (very high risk). These zones are determi...
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