Artificial Recharge of Ground water

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Minerals : Classification and Physical properties

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Mineral is a naturally occurring, homogeneous inorganic compound having fixed chemical composition and atomic structure formed due to inorganic processes of the Earth. Classification of Rock forming Minerals These are mainly of two types I Silicates Silicates again subdivided into 1. Ferromagnesian minerals i)  Olivine group of minerals ii) Pyroxene group of minerals iii) Amphibole group of minerals iv) Biotite 2. Non Ferromagnesian minerals i)  Feldspar group of minerals ii) Quartz group of minerals iii) Muscovite II Non Silicates Oxides Sulphides Sulphates Carbonates Physical Properties of Minerals Minerals are identified on the basis of following physical properties 1. Colour 2. Streak 3. Lustre 4. Fracture 5. Cleavage 6. Hardness 7. Specific Gravity 8. Form and structure  1. Colour The colour of a mineral depends on the absorption of some and reflectance of other of the coloured rays which constitute the white light. 2. Streak Streak of a miner...
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Dam and its distribution

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What is a Dam? A dam is a barrier constructed across a river or stream to regulate, manage, or block the flow of water. It creates a reservoir, lake, or impoundment behind it, which can be used for various purposes. Dams are critical components of water resource management systems and contribute significantly to agriculture, industry, and urban development. --- Types of Dams 1. Gravity Dams: Built with concrete or stone, relying on their weight to hold back water (e.g., Bhakra Nangal Dam). 2. Embankment Dams: Made with earth or rockfill; these are cheaper and suitable for wide river valleys (e.g., Hirakud Dam). 3. Arch Dams: Curved dams designed to distribute water pressure (e.g., Idukki Dam). 4. Buttress Dams: Use supports or buttresses to hold back water. 5. Detention Dams: Designed to store water temporarily to control floods. --- Purposes of a Dam Dams serve various purposes that directly benefit humans and the environment. Below are detailed explanations of these purposes: 1. Irri...
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Forms of Igneous Rocks (Igneous Bodies)

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Concordant and Discordant Forms of Igneous Rocks  Igneous intrusions are classified based on their relationship to the pre-existing rock layers (country rocks). These intrusions can either conform to or disrupt the layering of the surrounding rocks, giving rise to concordant and discordant forms. --- Concordant Forms Concordant intrusions occur when magma is injected along bedding planes or between layers of pre-existing rocks, aligning with the natural structure without significantly disturbing it. 1. Sills Definition: Thin, horizontal sheets of magma that solidify parallel to the bedding planes. Formation: Formed when magma intrudes between sedimentary or other layered rocks under low pressure. Characteristics: Typically uniform in thickness. May vary in composition (basaltic sills are common). --- 2. Laccoliths Definition: Dome-shaped intrusions where magma pushes the overlying layers upward, forming a convex structure. Formation: Result from magma of high viscosity (e.g., grani...
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